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FOMC raises rates unanimously and signals another increase

FOMC raises rates unanimously and signals another increase

The September minutes show unanimous support for raising the target range by 1/4 percentage point to 3-3/4 to 4 percent, with inflation elevated, risks tilted…

--- The context --- The minutes of the September meeting describe a deliberation shaped by a tension running through the whole economy: inflation remained elevated, with insufficient progress on lowering it in recent months, while activity was expanding at a solid pace and the labor market was stable and close to maximum employment. In that setting, making credit more expensive carries an uneven cost, because energy prices weigh disproportionately on the real disposable income of low- and moderate-income households, which several participants noted were already facing strains. --- The facts --- All participants supported raising the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/4 percentage point to 3-3/4 to 4 percent, and all members agreed to that increase when voting on the Committee's policy actions. The decision rested on a shared diagnosis: inflation stayed above the Committee's 2 percent objective, the unemployment rate was largely unchanged, and solid growth in economic activity had continued amid resilient domestic spending. The Committee also reaffirmed its policy of maintaining ample reserves in the banking system. At the meeting, 18 participants submitted projections for growth, unemployment and inflation based on their individual assessments of appropriate monetary policy. Participants noted that geopolitical developments had pushed up prices for crude oil and refined fuel products, and that surging investment linked to artificial intelligence was also contributing to inflation pressures. Several observed that price increases remained elevated in core services excluding housing and in core goods, even as the effects of tariff increases waned and the effects of the artificial intelligence buildout appeared to increase. --- The positions --- Many participants argued that a higher path for the target range would be prudent on risk-management grounds, as insurance against inflation remaining persistently above target because of stronger-than-expected demand or further adverse supply shocks. A number of participants viewed the higher path as necessary under their modal outlooks rather than as precaution alone. Some remarked that a higher policy rate would diminish the risk of persistently elevated inflation unanchoring expectations, and a couple noted they had raised their estimate of the neutral rate. Several stated that the current policy rate was not restrictive or only mildly restrictive. Most participants assessed that another increase in the target range would likely be appropriate by year end. At the same time, they emphasized that they approached each meeting with an open mind and that future decisions would depend on incoming information and its implications for the outlook and the balance of risks. On the balance sheet, a few participants observed that Treasury markets had been functioning smoothly but urged strengthening the strategy, communications and tools for addressing market dysfunction, while limiting the institution's footprint in that market. --- What remains unknown --- The minutes do not settle how much of the recent price pressure monetary policy can actually contain, and how much stems from supply shocks that a higher rate cannot correct. They also leave open the timing and size of the effects of artificial intelligence on productivity, which participants judged uncertain even if likely positive in the coming years. It remains unclear whether businesses will keep passing cost increases through to consumers, as some participants indicated they had been doing more successfully, and how long households with less income can absorb elevated energy prices without deeper damage to their spending. --- Unanswered questions --- How long can a more restrictive stance last without harming a labor market whose dynamism was already unusually low, with low hiring and low layoffs? Who bears the largest cost of this strategy, firms with wide margins or the low- and moderate-income households already losing real income to energy prices? Will another increase by year end be enough to return inflation to 2 percent without slowing activity that is now expanding at a solid pace? What happens to sectors such as housing, where financial conditions were not supportive and mortgage rates remained elevated? --- EPM analysis --- The unanimous consensus shows conviction, but it also narrows the margin for error: if inflation comes largely from energy and from demand tied to artificial intelligence, raising the rate works on credit and consumption rather than on the immediate cause. Participants themselves acknowledged mixed signals, from aggregate wage growth described as moderate and consistent with inflation moving toward the objective, to business contacts reporting increased cost pressures. That mixture suggests reading the unanimity as a bet conditioned on the data, not as a settled path for the meetings ahead. 📌 EPM Take: In EPM's view, the unanimous increase protects credibility, but it shifts the adjustment onto those with the least cushion: low- and moderate-income households hit by energy prices, farmers strained by drought and costlier diesel, and homebuyers facing elevated mortgage rates. The Committee promises price stability and reserves the right to judge each meeting on incoming data, a necessary caution. The symmetric risk is tightening too much against shocks the rate cannot control and weakening a stable labor market. The test will come if inflation eases without the cost falling disproportionately on the same households.
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