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Record $35 trillion in trade — but the Global South falls behind

UNCTAD reported on 9 October that world trade hit a record $35 trillion in 2025, even as developing countries fell behind amid new technological and policy…

--- The context --- World trade reached a record $35 trillion in 2025, the UN trade and development agency UNCTAD reported on Friday, 9 October. The headline figure suggests a trading system that keeps moving even amid conflict: this year's higher trade values continue to be driven by price hikes linked to the global energy shock caused by the US-Iran war. Beneath the record, though, the agency describes a split. Developing countries are being held back from fuller participation in the global economy by new technological and policy barriers, UNCTAD said. A handful of Asian economies advance; most of the Global South falls further behind. --- The facts --- UNCTAD pointed to increasing export controls, investment screening and supply-chain pre-conditions as the reasons strategic sectors are getting harder for developing countries to reach. The value is shifting into semiconductors, artificial intelligence, clean energy and advanced computing, where barriers to entry are high and rising. The trade map is changing: trade between China and the United States has fallen by more than 20 per cent since 2024, while East Asian countries have expanded their trade links with both China and North America. --- The positions --- Senior UNCTAD official Anastasia Nesvetailova argued that only a fraction of corporate investment is now driven by traditional considerations such as low labour costs. Her reading is that value is migrating to strategic sectors, where developing countries face growing walls. She also noted that even as the global economy slows, Asia will contribute 60 per cent of global growth this year. The fastest-expanding economies, she said, include China, India, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. --- What remains unknown --- The briefing does not break down how much of the $35 trillion record reflects price inflation rather than real volumes of goods. It does not name which parts of the Global South are hit hardest beyond the Asian exceptions, nor quantify the new barriers sector by sector. Whether the more-than-20 per cent drop in China-US trade marks a structural shift or a reversible dip remains to be seen, as does how supply-chain pre-conditions will reshape investment in the coming years. --- Unanswered questions --- Can the trade record hold if growth across the Global South keeps slowing? What room do developing countries have to enter strategic sectors when the barriers keep rising? And who will fund development when traditional development finance is under strain? --- EPM analysis --- The paradox is plain: world trade has never moved so much money, and never been so hard to enter. Capital flows toward sectors ruled by technology and regulation; cheap labour no longer buys a ticket. UNCTAD's prescription — long-term support for domestic industries, training, research and foreign investment tied to local suppliers — is the only realistic door still open. Asia has walked through it; the rest of the Global South risks watching the record from outside. 📌 EPM Take: In EPM's view, the $35 trillion record is good news for the statistics and a warning for policy: trade grows, but it concentrates. Countries that do not invest today in technological capabilities and in links with local suppliers will stay trapped on the periphery of value chains, while Asia and the economies with strategic sectors reap the rewards. Development can no longer be bought with low wages; it is built with knowledge, and time is running against those who have not yet begun.
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