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El presidente Abelardo de la Espriella, en la cubierta de un buque de la Armada Nacional, con otra nave de la Armada al costado en aguas del archipiélago.
El presidente Abelardo de la Espriella durante su alocución desde un buque de la Armada Nacional en aguas de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. · Armada de Colombia

Colombia will set San Andrés baselines by decree on November 30

President Abelardo de la Espriella announced the decree from a Navy vessel, with coordinates for official nautical charts, support in Law 10 of 1978 and…

--- The context --- President Abelardo de la Espriella announced that Colombia will formalize the baselines of the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina through a decree he expects to sign on November 30. The message was delivered from a Colombian Navy vessel in the waters of the archipelago, during an address to the country on Sunday, October 18, alongside the military leadership. Baselines are geographic and legal references from which a State measures its maritime spaces, among them the territorial sea and the contiguous zone. Their definition has technical effects for cartography and for the application of international rules on maritime delimitation, so this is not a symbolic gesture without practical consequences. --- The facts --- De la Espriella said the Government will issue, on the date that coincides with the birthday of San Andrés, the decree establishing the archipelago's baselines. As he explained, the coordinates will be included in the official nautical charts and the decree will formally incorporate the reef territory into those coordinates. The president noted that Law 10 of 1978 had ordered the Government to carry out that tracing. In 1984 the baselines of the continental territory were established, while the archipelago remained pending an equivalent definition, according to the version set out in his speech. The measure, he held, seeks to close an institutional debt with the islands and give greater precision to the administration of maritime spaces. --- The positions --- From the vessel, De la Espriella affirmed that Colombia exercises full sovereignty over the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. As support for that position, he mentioned Article 101 of the Constitution, the treaty signed in 1928 and decisions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). He also affirmed that fishing, exploration and research activities in Colombian waters require State authorization. De la Espriella said Colombia does not cede a nautical mile, does not cede a reef and does not abandon its fishermen. He described the measure as an act of sovereignty, because Colombia will measure, map and publish what is its own with the precision international law requires, and he added that Colombia claims not one metre more than the law recognizes nor one metre less than what belongs to it. --- What remains unknown --- The announcement comes within the framework of the litigation between Colombia and Nicaragua before the ICJ. In November 2012, the court upheld Colombian sovereignty over San Andrés, Providencia, Santa Catalina and several cays, although it drew a new maritime border that granted Nicaragua areas previously administered by Colombia. In July 2023, the Court rejected Nicaragua's claims to extend its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, in a zone that overlapped maritime spaces claimed by Colombia. The president also held that each island of the archipelago projects a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles, in addition to spaces linked to the seabed, the subsoil, the airspace and the contiguous zone. The announcement is not yet the decree: the announced formalization depends on the text signed on November 30 and on the coordinates actually being published in the official charts. --- Unanswered questions --- What exact coordinates will the decree of November 30 include and when will they be incorporated into the official nautical charts? What concrete resources will support the fishing terminal, the cold rooms and the collection centre announced for the island communities? On what timeline could the two fishing schools operate, one in San Andrés and another in Providencia, and the direct air route between San Andrés and Costa Rica operated by Satena? --- EPM analysis --- The progressive reading of this announcement places the accent on the institutional debt: if Law 10 of 1978 already ordered the tracing and the continental territory obtained it in 1984, the archipelago waited for an equivalent definition while its artisanal fishermen sustained a traditional economic activity. That is why the value of the decree is not measured only in coordinates, but in whether the presence of the State also arrives as a fishing terminal, cold rooms, a collection centre and management programmes that improve the conservation, marketing and distribution of sea products. That same reading demands prudence: announcing sovereignty from a vessel does not replace permanent institutions, economic activity or security for the inhabitants, three requirements the president himself raised. The Government announced greater controls, intelligence, criminal investigation and video surveillance against drug trafficking, smuggling, micro-trafficking, extortion and piracy. The test of seriousness will be that this presence protects the communities without displacing them from the centre of island policy. 📌 EPM Take: In EPM's view, formalizing the baselines is right because it settles a legal order pending since Law 10 of 1978 and gives legal precision to communities that live from the sea, but the announcement will only be worth it if the decree of November 30 arrives complete, published on time and accompanied by real, verifiable investment in artisanal fishing, port infrastructure and connectivity. Sovereignty that does not translate into institutions, income and everyday security for islanders remains halfway, however legitimate its constitutional and international basis may be.
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