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Tren de alta velocidad detenido mientras técnicos inspeccionan la vía y la señalización ferroviaria
Imagen alusiva generada para EPM sobre la inspección y el mantenimiento ferroviario en España · Imagen generada — EPM

Marina: a human error can stop a train, never cause a tragedy

Alberto Marina, dean of Andalusia's civil engineers, argues that a human error can never cause a railway tragedy, calls for the causes of Adamuz and Urda to be…

--- The context --- Alberto Marina is dean of the College of Civil Engineers of Andalusia, and a month ago he denounced the abandonment of major infrastructure in Andalusia and, by extension, across Spain. His sector has for some time been warning about the lack of investment in maintaining roads, dams and, of course, rail connections. Marina answers, as the interview underlines, from prudence and analysis of the data, clearing away speculation. Even so, he insists on two ideas after the accidents at Adamuz and at Urda, in Toledo: that a human error can never cause an accident of such dimensions, and that it is essential to know what happened at Adamuz in order to guarantee passenger safety. --- The facts --- A week and a day has passed since the Urda accident and, according to Marina, the true cause is currently not known. The systems have failed, and that is something that cannot happen, because they are redundant and have protocols, so it is very surprising that this failure occurred. What is needed, he argues, is an investigation as rapid as possible, with the necessary means, to clarify what happened. Regarding Adamuz, which took place on January 18, after nine months we still do not know what happened. The causes of Urda are not known either, and although they seem to be different causes, it is not known whether there is any relationship. The unease is heightened because the CIA, the Railway Accident Investigation Commission, was not set up until July. In the interview he was asked whether 69 people had to die for protocol changes to be announced, and Marina replied that this is precisely what is surprising. The fact that the protocols have to be changed denotes, in his view, that there was a flaw in them, something that cannot be allowed in a country at Spain's level. He also referred to the LZB system, which has failed 170 times this year, a figure he considers not normal and which should have alerted those responsible that additional measures had to be taken. If that system fails, he explains, trains must travel at a speed that cannot be 200 km/h, because at that speed you cannot see a signal or react to it. The recommended speed is 40 km/h, in order to react visually, because a train's stopping times are much longer than those of a vehicle. Why the train was travelling at 200 km/h is, for Marina, indeed the key. --- The positions --- Marina argues that human error cannot be decisive, because railway safety systems can never depend on it. There can be a mistake, because it is in people's nature to make mistakes, but there must be something that prevents it from causing an accident with consequences of that gravity. A failure can make the train come to a halt and be a nuisance for users, but never end in a tragedy. He partly agrees with the former minister, who stated that such an accident is not possible: Marina considers that he is right that it should not be possible, but that it has happened for some reason and that reason must be found out. On the resignation of Óscar Puente, he views it as a political matter and one of responsibilities, without believing it very significant who holds the post, nor that problems built up over years can be solved in a month. His College proposes an internal and external audit to evaluate these circumstances and offer travellers maximum reassurance. Before reopening the tracks, he argues, they must be analysed well and there must be a maximum guarantee of safety. Technicians have to determine whether the problem can extend to the whole network, although in principle it does not seem to be widespread, and it is the Adif technicians in charge who must analyse its scope. Marina maintains that the train is the safest means of transport, but it has to be in adequate conditions. It is the means in which the fewest accidents occur, although after these two accidents statistics in Spain have worsened considerably. For a railway to operate safely it has to be well designed, well built and well maintained: design and construction are done well, but maintenance is not up to standard. Asked whether the lack of maintenance is the main problem, he replies that it indeed is, and recalls that his College has called for an investment of 10,000 million euros to bring infrastructure up to date. --- What remains unknown --- The true cause of Urda is not known, nor are the causes of Adamuz, nor whether there is a relationship between the two. Nor is it known why the train was travelling at 200 km/h when, with the LZB system failing, the recommended speed is 40 km/h. The data on the new problems reported on Wednesday on the Adamuz section also remain to be fully known: what was measured and why. Marina asks for prudence and suggests that, if there is a problem, it should be analysed within the audit. --- Unanswered questions --- Why was the train travelling at 200 km/h if the LZB system had failed and the recommended speed in that case is 40 km/h? What structural flaw allowed the LZB system to fail 170 times this year without additional measures being taken beforehand? Is there any relationship between the still unknown causes of the Adamuz and Urda accidents? When will the Adamuz investigation, nine months after January 18, have conclusions that make it possible to adopt measures? --- EPM analysis --- The thread is not an isolated episode, but a chain of warnings: the 170 failures of the LZB system, the sustained demand for investment, and an old line such as Madrid-Seville subjected to upkeep that, according to the dean, may not have been sufficient, because if adequate upkeep is not carried out it ends up deteriorating. Marina separates the technical plane from the political one: decisions on infrastructure, he argues, cannot be political decisions and have to be based on technical criteria and economic sustainability. That logic also applies to President Juanma Moreno's statement that right now he would not board the Madrid-Seville AVE: before any person boards, Marina argues, the situation must be analysed and the safety conditions determined; if they are safe, the service must operate, and if not, the necessary measures must be adopted. 📌 EPM Take: In EPM's view, the interview leaves a verifiable demand that goes beyond the political debate of the moment: publish as soon as possible the causes of Adamuz and Urda, audit the network with internal and external review, and explain why the 170 failures of the LZB system did not trigger a proportionate response earlier. Without those three pieces, travellers' confidence will continue to rest on statements and not on guarantees, and maintenance will keep arriving after tragedy instead of preceding it, as befits a system presented as the safest.
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