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Ilustración de una oficina, un viñedo y una obra en construcción conectados por redes digitales que representan la inteligencia artificial en empresas españolas
Oficina, agricultura y construcción comparten la adopción de la inteligencia artificial en España. · Imagen generada por EPM

AI spreads in Spain without cutting workforces

A Bank of Spain study based on its business survey for the first quarter of 2026 shows that close to 89% of companies report no major headcount changes from…

--- The context --- Artificial intelligence is making its way into Spanish companies without, for the moment, translating into a generalized destruction of jobs, according to a study prepared by the Bank of Spain from its Business Activity Survey for the first quarter of 2026 and from company balance sheet information. The analysis portrays a technological transformation advancing at different speeds, with uneven implementation across sectors and company sizes, and with effects on headcounts that remain limited so far, even though an important share of companies already perceives improvements in productivity and investment. Sectors such as agriculture and construction, which started from lower adoption levels, have accelerated their incorporation, while information and communications activities continue to lead the use of these tools across the Spanish business fabric as a whole. --- The facts --- Close to 89% of the companies surveyed say that introducing these tools has not had major effects on employment over the last three years. Among the companies that have experienced changes, the shares that reduced their headcounts and that increased them stand at around 6% in both cases, without the results reflecting a generalized tendency to replace workers with artificial intelligence systems, at least during the period analyzed by the Bank of Spain in this study. The impact is more noticeable among companies that use these tools intensively. Among those declaring a high use of generative artificial intelligence, around 13% have increased their number of employees, while close to 10% have reduced their headcounts. In companies using these tools moderately, the share that increased employment stands around 8.5%, compared with approximately 7% that decreased it, according to the business survey data cited throughout the study prepared by the central bank. In agriculture and construction, the use of predictive or generative artificial intelligence technologies already reaches almost 30% of companies, close to 20 percentage points more than in 2024. Growth is concentrated especially in generative artificial intelligence, which has eased access to tools capable of producing texts, analyzing information or helping to solve tasks from instructions in natural language. Information and communications companies continue to lead adoption, since almost 60% use predictive or generative artificial intelligence, compared with close to 40% recorded two years earlier, followed by professional and scientific activities, with around half of companies using them. The main motivations declared are linked to improving the quality and reliability of processes, as well as to automating certain tasks. For predictive artificial intelligence, 32.5% of the companies using it point to improving quality or reliability as one of the reasons for adopting it, and for generative artificial intelligence that share stands at 30.7%. Automating tasks previously performed by workers appears at 21.5% for predictive and 27% for generative, while improving production processes that were already automated was mentioned by 25.2% and 20.9%, respectively. --- The positions --- The Bank of Spain cautions, in its reading of the data, that the report distinguishes between the effects observed so far and expectations for the coming years, and it notes that the transformation of the labor market could intensify as companies move from experimenting with these tools to integrating them more deeply into their production and organization processes. Companies that do not yet use these technologies point to resource constraints as the main obstacle, at 61%, a category that includes both implementation costs and the lack of qualified staff. Next come the perception that the technology is not useful for the company's activity, at 18%, technical difficulties, at 11%, and regulatory or ethical concerns, at 8%. The document estimates that approximately 70% of the companies surveyed have not yet adopted artificial intelligence tools of any kind. --- What remains unknown --- The report does not detail which specific applications each agricultural or construction company uses, so it does not allow the growth recorded in those sectors to be attributed to specific tools or processes. Nor does it yet allow anyone to know whether the limited effects on headcounts will hold when the integration of these technologies into production and organization processes becomes deeper, a possibility the study itself leaves open by separating what has been observed so far from expectations for the coming years. How the composition of employment will evolve also remains to be seen. Over the next three years, 44% of large companies anticipate a reduction in positions linked to repetitive or routine tasks, and close to 20% foresee an increase in occupations with a greater analytical content. Among smaller companies, the outlook is more conservative, because 83% expect no changes in jobs associated with repetitive tasks, and management positions would, overall, be the least affected by the incorporation of these technologies. --- Unanswered questions --- Will headcount stability hold when companies integrate artificial intelligence more deeply into their processes? Will smaller companies be able to close the adoption gap with large firms if the resource constraints cited by 61% of non-users persist? Will the business fabric manage to resolve the shortage of qualified staff, which around half of companies identify as an obstacle and which exceeds 55% in industry and energy, transport and agriculture? --- EPM analysis --- Read together, the data show a technological diffusion that no longer concentrates only in the most digitized sectors, even though the gap between branches has widened instead of closing. That agriculture and construction reach almost 30% after starting from low levels indicates that generative artificial intelligence has lowered the entry barrier by easing access to tools that work with natural language. At the same time, the fact that approximately 70% of companies have not yet adopted these tools defines the real size of the change observed so far. Future plans reinforce that distance between sizes. Over the next three years, 79% of large companies plan to strengthen the training of their workers and 62% contemplate hiring more specialized staff, compared with 35% and 17% among smaller companies, respectively. 📌 EPM Take: In EPM's view, the most valuable finding is that artificial intelligence is reaching sectors that started behind, such as agriculture and construction, without so far producing a generalized destruction of jobs in Spain. That combination of wider diffusion and stable headcounts opens a real opportunity if training keeps pace with the change, because the shortage of qualified staff already holds back around half of companies and the gap between large firms and smaller businesses could keep growing over the next three years unless sustained investment and training correct it in time. The evidence available today does not justify stronger conclusions in either direction.
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