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Planta térmica junto a un embalse seco con tierra agrietada bajo cielo despejado
Imagen alusiva a una planta térmica frente a un embalse en niveles bajos durante la sequía. · Imagen generada por EPM

Thermal plants face drought, tight cash and systemic risk during El Niño

Thermal plants warn of negative cash flow and systemic risk during El Niño, while compliance with the firm energy users pay for is verified and reservoirs aim…

--- The context --- Colombia is facing an El Niño event that President Abelardo De La Espriella described on Sunday, October 25, as very strong in intensity. In his address he explained that the country has had six months with rainfall below normal, that October has been the driest month of this semester and that reservoirs have received almost 40 percent less water than they normally receive this month. He also recalled that no government can make it rain, but it does have the obligation to responsibly manage the available water. Behind that statement there is a growing tension between caring for the reservoirs, demanding the firm energy that users already pay for and financially sustaining the thermal plants called upon to back up the system. --- The facts --- The president focused on the reliability charge, the mechanism that users pay in their bills to remunerate firm energy availability obligations and back up the system in complicated circumstances. According to his account, against obligations of 118 gigawatt-hours per day, 95 have been requested, but generation barely reaches 83. In 42 days, the goal was met only once, and although some companies have responded, others have delivered less than 30 percent of what was committed. For that reason he asked the Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos to carry out the corresponding investigations, verify compliance with those obligations and examine the measures that may apply within its competences. In early September, the energy and gas regulator, the Creg, issued a resolution to secure electricity supply during El Niño, leading thermal plants to greater generation in order to care for the water in the reservoirs. The stated objective is to reach the month of December with reservoirs at 80 percent. To that end, the regulator set generation goals of between 95 and 100 gigawatts per day, out of the nearly 240 that the country demands, in order to preserve water and take advantage of the available thermal capacity. The debate centers on the eventual failure of thermal plants to meet those goals. On prices, the exchange price corresponds to the highest offer price of the centrally dispatched units scheduled to generate in the ideal dispatch and without inflexibility, and it represents a single price for the interconnected system in each hourly period. The scarcity price is a ceiling price that corresponds to the maximum value that demand in the country can pay for energy, according to XM. Today the scarcity price for October stands at 1.463 pesos per kilowatt, while the exchange price, on average over the last month, is 637 pesos. A scarcity condition arises when the exchange price exceeds the scarcity price, and then firm energy obligations become enforceable and the covered energy is remunerated at the scarcity price. --- The positions --- The government maintains that its intervention has sought to avoid a systemic risk. The minister of mines and energy, María Nohemí Arboleda, argued in a session of the Senate Fifth Commission in Barranquilla that, unlike in other El Niño events, in this case there are companies that can go bankrupt and that, if they go bankrupt, the sector is affected systemically. In that intervention she said that what has been done from the government together with the Creg is to avoid that risk, that the price could rise above one thousand and that many companies are exposed on the exchange. That position also reflects the difficult financial situation of Air-e and Afinia, and defends not recognizing exceptional rents in the middle of a crisis. Thermal generators and sector voices present the other side. They argue that the intervention has meant that almost all of the time the exchange price has not been able to exceed the scarcity price, so that the condition for firm energy obligations to become enforceable is not met. They add that the decision to recognize only costs results in a negative cash position, because withholding tax must be paid on income even if no margin is achieved, and that this situation cannot be maintained for much longer. They also warn that credit lines with fuel suppliers can be canceled if it is perceived that there is no margin, which can cause a lack of fuel during El Niño and the impossibility of generating. Added to this, Air-e alone owes these companies 2,5 billones de pesos. --- What remains unknown --- The result of the investigations requested from the Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos is still unknown, as is the detail, company by company, of compliance with each firm energy obligation. Nor is it clear which costs will finally be recognized to generators or how long a remuneration based only on costs can be sustained without deteriorating cash flow and access to fuel. Another open element is maintenance: between September and October, between 10 and 15 percent of plants have gone through that process, which will continue in November, because generators are preparing for the conditions expected in February, March and April. That technical reality coexists with the immediate demand for generation. --- Unanswered questions --- How will it be verified, plant by plant, whether lower delivery of firm energy is due to noncompliance, to scheduled maintenance or to the effects of the price intervention itself? What mechanism will protect users from exceptional rents without leaving thermal plants with negative cash flow during the most demanding months of El Niño? Will reservoir levels reach 80 percent in December if thermal generation remains below the goals of between 95 and 100 gigawatts per day? What will happen to fuel supply if suppliers credit lines are canceled before February, March and April? --- EPM analysis --- The controversy is a dispute over who bears the cost of the drought. If the exchange price does not exceed the scarcity price, obligations do not become enforceable under the terms described, but the system still needs the energy to preserve water. If the price is allowed to rise without limits, inframarginal rents appear: a plant that entered at 500 pesos can receive 800 per kilowatt and obtain a gain of 300 pesos. The balance point demands transparency in both directions: verifiable compliance with what users paid for and verifiable recognition of real generation costs. 📌 EPM Take: In EPM's view, the immediate priority is to protect water, users and continuity of service without passing on to households the exceptional rents that a crisis can generate. That protection will only be sustainable, however, if the rules transparently recognize the real costs of generating and if every obligation paid through the reliability charge is verified and fulfilled. Drought, cash flow and trust are not separate problems: they are the same problem seen from the reservoir, the plant and the bill. Facing them together, with public data and effective controls, is the minimum condition for getting through El Niño without an electrical blackout or a financial one and without breaking the chain.
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